Wednesday, February 19, 2014

meta description tag

meta description tag
The meta description on pages of your website gives search engines a little more insight into what your page is about. There is still debate about whether meta descriptions can help with keyword rankings. Regardless, you want to write your meta description with a human audience in mind that includes the page’s main keywords, as the meta description does show up in search results.
How the Title Tag & Meta Description Looks in Search Results



The above image shows how KISSmetrics’ own title tag and meta description shows up in Google search results. You can see that the keywords searched by a user (in this case, the keyword was KISSmetrics) are bolded by Google in both the title tag and the meta description. This is why you have to use your business or brand name and keywords in both the title and meta description – it helps your search results stand out to the searcher when they are searching those terms.

Search Engine Optimization Tutorials

Search Engine Optimization Tutorials Search Engine Optimization Tutorials

When it comes to search engine optimization for a new website, some businesses can be intimidated due to the amount of information out there. And often, if they don’t have the help of an experienced in-house SEO or consultant, they will do nothing.
 The Golden Rule of On-Site Optimization
Before we get started, one thing you want to keep in mind when using any of the following SEO elements is not to overdo it. You might be tempted to shove a lot of keywords onto your pages, but that is not the goal.
In fact, Google has unleashed an over-optimization penalty that targets websites that have too many keywords stuffed onto one page. So when it comes to keyword optimization, keep it simple – think of up to five keywords or keyword phrases for each page on your website and optimize for those.


Course Contents
  1. Search Engine Optimization
  2. How Search Engine Works?
  3. What is the search engine optimization procedure for website?
  4. Optimize your web site for many Search Engines
  5. Link Building
  6. Seo expert
  7. Content is the king
  8. Anchor Text
  9. Page title
  10. Meta description
  11. How to design a website?
  12. Good website design tips
  13. Seo and Website DomainName
  14. SEO techniques
  15. Search Engine Rank
  16. Seo links

Monday, February 17, 2014

what is the search engine optimization procedure for website?

what is the search engine optimization procedure for website
Search engine optimization is a method of affecting the visibility of a website or a web page in a search engine's  search results. 
As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers:
1.     how search engines work
2.     what people search for
3.     the actual search terms or keywords typed into search engines and 
4.     which search engines are preferred by their targeted audience 
Optimizing a website may involve editing its content, HTML and associated coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. 
Promoting a site to increase the number of backlinks, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic.

History

Spider and Indexer
Initially, all webmasters needed to do was to submit the address of a page, or URL, to the various engines which would send a spider to  crawl a page and collects information and send the same information to its own server to be indexed. 
Indexer extracts various information about the page, such as the words it contains and where these are located, as well as any weight for specific words, and all links the page contains, which are then placed into a scheduler for crawling at a later date. 
According to industry analyst Danny Sullivan, the phrase "search engine optimization" probably came into use in 1997.


Early versions of search algorithms relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword meta tag, or index files in engines. Meta tags provide a guide to each page's content. Using meta data to index pages was found to be less than reliable, however, because the webmaster's choice of keywords in the meta tag could potentially be an inaccurate representation of the site's actual content. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags could and did cause pages to rank for irrelevant searches.
By relying so much on factors such as keyword density which were exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their results pages showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. Since the success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search, poor quality or irrelevant search results could lead users to find other search sources


Page and Brin founded Google in 1998. Google attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design. Off-page factors (such as PageRank and hyperlink analysis) were considered as well as on-page factors (such as keyword frequency, meta tags, headings, links and site structure) to enable Google to avoid the kind of manipulation seen in search engines that only considered on-page factors for their rankings. Although PageRank was more difficult to game, webmasters had already developed link building tools and schemes to influence the Inktomi search engine, and these methods proved similarly applicable to gaming PageRank. Many sites focused on exchanging, buying, and selling links, often on a massive scale. Some of these schemes, or link farms, involved the creation of thousands of sites for the sole purpose of link spamming.


By 2004, search engines had incorporated a wide range of undisclosed factors in their ranking algorithms to reduce the impact of link manipulation. In June 2007, The New York Times' Saul Hansell stated Google ranks sites using more than 200 different signals.


The leading search engines, GoogleBing, and Yahoo, do not disclose the algorithms they use to rank pages.


In 2005, Google began personalizing search results for each user. Depending on their history of previous searches, Google crafted results for logged in users.


 In 2008, Bruce Clay said that "ranking is dead" because of personalized search. He opined that it would become meaningless to discuss how a website ranked, because its rank would potentially be different for each user and each search.


In 2007, Google announced a campaign against paid links that transfer PageRank. On June 15, 2009, Google disclosed that they had taken measures to mitigate the effects of PageRank sculpting by use of the nofollow attribute on links.
In December 2009, Google announced it would be using the web search history of all its users in order to populate search results.


Google Instant, real-time-search, was introduced in late 2010 in an attempt to make search results more timely and relevant. Historically site administrators have spent months or even years optimizing a website to increase search rankings. With the growth in popularity of social media sites and blogs the leading engines made changes to their algorithms to allow fresh content to rank quickly within the search results.


In February 2011, Google announced the Panda update, which penalizes websites containing content duplicated from other websites and sources. Historically websites have copied content from one another and benefited in search engine rankings by engaging in this practice, however Google implemented a new system which punishes sites whose content is not unique.


In April 2012, Google launched the Google Penguin update the goal of which was to penalize websites that used manipulative techniques to improve their rankings on the search engine.
In September 2013, Google released the Google Hummingbird update, an algorithm change designed to improve Google's natural language processing and semantic understanding of web pages.
What are the methods to get higher rank ?

Getting indexed

The leading search engines, such as GoogleBing and Yahoo!, use crawlers to find pages for their algorithmic search results. 
Pages that are linked from other search engine indexed pages do not need to be submitted because they are found automatically.
Search engine crawlers may look at a number of different factors when crawling a site. Not every page is indexed by the search engines. Distance of pages from the root directory of a site may also be a factor in whether or not pages get crawled.

Preventing crawling

To avoid undesirable content in the search indexes, webmasters can instruct spiders not to crawl certain files or directories through the standard robots.txt file in the root directory of the domain. Additionally, a page can be explicitly excluded from a search engine's database by using a meta tag specific to robots.

Increasing prominence

A variety of methods can increase the prominence of a webpage within the search results. 
  • Cross linking between pages of the same website to provide more links to most important pages may improve its visibility.
  • Writing content that includes frequently searched keyword phrase, so as to be relevant to a wide variety of search queries will tend to increase traffic.
  • Updating content so as to keep search engines crawling back frequently can give additional weight to a site. 
  • Adding relevant keywords to a web page's meta data, including the title tag and meta description, will tend to improve the relevancy of a site's search listings, thus increasing traffic. 
  • URL normalization of web pages accessible via multiple urls, using the canonical link element or via 301 redirectscan help make sure links to different versions of the url all count towards the page's link popularity score.

Online advertising, also called Internet advertising, uses the Internet to deliver promotional marketing messages to consumers. It includes: 
Like other advertising media, online advertising frequently involves both a publisher, who integrates advertisements into its online content, and an advertiser, who provides the advertisements to be displayed on the publisher's content.
Other potential participants include advertising agencies who help generate and place the ad copy, an ad server who technologically delivers the ad and tracks statistics, and advertising affiliates who do independent promotional work for the advertiser.
Online advertising is a large business and is growing rapidly.

Sunday, February 16, 2014

seo links

Useful Links on SEO - Which you can utilize while doing seo activity on website
If you want to list down your Book, Website or any other resources related to Search Engine Optimization then please contact us at navieshatech@gmail.com
Useful Links on SEO

optimize your web site for many Search Engines

  • Don't keep hidden text on your web pages.
  • Don't create alt image spamming by putting wrong keywords.
  • Don't use meta tags stuffing.
  • Don't use frames and flash on your site.
  • Don't exchange your links with black listed sites.
  • Don't try to fool your site visitors by using miss spelled keyword.
  • Don't send spam emails to thousand of email IDs.
  • Don't use too much graphics on your site.
  • Don't create too many doorway pages.
  • Don't try to create duplicate content of pages.
  • Don't submit your website many times in a single search engine.
  • Don't use sub-directory depth more than 1-2.
  • Don't create too many dynamic pages. Try to convert them into static pages.
  • Don't bloat your pages with code.
  • Don't nest your pages.

Link Building

link building
Link building is the SEO practice of obtaining links from external web sites to your own to improve both direct referrals ie. people clicking on the links and search engine ranking. Link building is all about increasing your site link popularity.
Web site Crawler will go to a site again and again whose ranking in Search Engine is high. You can verify this fact by putting your site on a high rank site. If your site link is available on a high rank web site then you have 99.99% chances that you site will be indexed with-in 24Hrs.
How to increase Link Popularity ?
There are various ways of increasing your web site link popularity. I'm listing out some important tips which are easily doable.
  • Submit your site in popular search engines manually. Don't go for automated submission.
  • Get your site listed in Open Directory Projects like dmog.org, yahoo.com. Getting listed in these directories will give your site a boost in link popularity and improve search engine ranking in other search engines.
  • Provide high quality content - people will naturally link to your site if you have what they want and no where is available.
  • Leverage your personal relationsrelations with other webmasters. Put your site link on their sites. One way links often count for more than reciprocal links.
  • Participate in Link Exchange Program. Find top 20 sites doing the same business and contact them for reciprocal links. Link exchange between unrelated sites might affect the ranking of websites in the Search Engine.
  • If you are subscribed in a forum and forum does not have any restriction to keep your site link as your signature then it can help you to increase your site popularity.
  • Submit your site to bookmark sites like DIGG, and Slashdot etc. Before submitting please go through their spam policy.
  • Write good articles in blogging sites and give few references of your links with-in that article.
  • Keep providing good content to your site visitors. Try to keep them busy on your site. If possible create forums, news letters, blogs etc.
There are other ways but you need to spend some dollars to go for such alternative.
  • Buy a place on high rank website where you can put your link.
  • Subscribe for google's Adwords program to drive traffic towards your site.
  • You can go for alternative advertising option to increase the number of hits on your site which will result in your site link popularity.

What are Backlinks?

In layman's terms, there are two types of links: inbound and outbound. Outbound links start from your site and lead to an external site, while inbound links or backlinks, come from an external site to yours. e.g. if cnn.com links to yourdomain.com, the link from cnn.com is a backlink (inbound) for yourdomain.com, however the link is an outbound link from cnn.com's perspective. Backlinks are among the main building blocks to good Search Engine Optimisation (SEO).

Why Backlinks Are Important

  • The number of backlinks is an indication of the popularity or importance of that website. Backlinks are important for SEO because some search engines like Google, give more credit to websites that have a large number of quality backlinks, and consider those websites more relevant than others in their results pages for a search query.
  • Therefore, when search engines calculate the relevance of a site to a keyword, they not only consider the number of backlinks to that site but also their quality. 
  • In order to determine the quality, a search engine considers the content of the sites.
  • For example, if a webmaster has a website about how to do oracle tuning, and received a backlink from another website about oracle tuning, then that would be more relevant in a search engine's assessment than say a link from a site about car racing.
  • Search engines want websites to have a level playing field, and look for natural links built slowly over time. 
  • While it is fairly easy to modify your webpages to make them more SEO friendly it is a lot harder for you to influence other websites and get them to link to your website. This is the reason search engines regard backlinks as a very important factor. 
  • When a link incorporates a keyword into the text of the hyperlink, we call this anchor text. A link's anchor text may be one of the most powerful resources a webmaster has.
  • Backlinks from multiple websites with the anchor text "oracle tuning" would help your website rank higher for the keyword "oracle tuning". 
  • Using your keyword is a superior way to utilize a hyperlink as against having links with words like "click here" which do not relate to your website.

Backlinks building tools

Backlink Anchor Text Analyzer

Getting Listed in Direcories

If you are serious about your Web presence, getting listed in directories like DMOZ,Yahoo and Jasmin directory is a must, not only because this is a way to get some quality backlinks for free, but also because this way you are easily noticed by both search engines and potential visitors. Generally inclusion in search directories is free but the drawback is that sometimes you have to wait a couple of months before you get listed in the categories of your choice.

Forums and Article Directories

Generally search engines index forums so posting in forums and blogs is also a way to get quality backlinks with the anchor text you want. If the forum or blog is a respected one, a backlink is valuable. However, in some cases the forum or blog administrator can edit your post, or even delete it if it does not fit into the forum or blog policy. Also, sometimes administrators do not allow links in posts, unless they are relevant ones. In some rare cases (which are more an exception than a rule) the owner of a forum or a blog would have banned search engines from indexing it and in this case posting backlinks there is pointless.

RSS Feeds

You can offer RSS feeds to interested sites for free, when the other site publishes your RSS feed you will get a backlink to your site and potentially a lot of visitors, who will come to your site for more details about the headline and the abstract they read on the other site.

News Announcements and Press Releases

Although this is hardly an everyday way to build backlinks, it is an approach that gives good results, if handled properly. There are many sites that publish news announcements and press releases for free or for a small fee . A professionally written press release about an important event can bring you many visitors and the backlink from a respected site to yours is a good boost to your SEO efforts. The tricky part is that you cannot release press releases if there is nothing newsworthy. That is why we say that news announcements and press releases are not a commodity way to build backlinks.

Link Practices That Are To Be Avoided

  • Many webmasters had agreed upon reciprocal link exchanges, in order to boost their site's rankings. 
  • In a link exchange, one webmaster places a link on his website that points to another webmasters website, and vice versa. Many of these links were simply not relevant, and were just discounted. So while the irrelevant backlinks were ignored, the outbound links still got counted, diluting the relevancy score of many websites. This caused a great many websites to drop off the Google map.
  • There is a Google patent in the works that will deal with not only the popularity of the sites being linked to, but also how trustworthy a site is that you link to from your own website. This will mean that you could get into trouble with the search engine just for linking to a bad apple.
  • Many webmasters have more than one website. Sometimes these websites are related, sometimes they are not. You have to also be careful about interlinking multiple websites on the same IP. If you own seven related websites, then a link to each of those websites on a page could hurt you, as it may look like to a search engine that you are trying to do something fishy. 
  • Many webmasters have tried to manipulate backlinks in this way; and too many links to sites with the same IP address is referred to as backlink bombing.
  • One thing is certain, interlinking sites doesn't help you from a search engine standpoint. The only reason you may want to interlink your sites in the first place might be to provide your visitors with extra resources to visit. 
  • In this case, it would probably be okay to provide visitors with a link to another of your websites, but try to keep many instances of linking to the same IP address to a bare minimum. One or two links on a page here and there probably won't hurt you.


seo expert

seo expert
Creating, editing, and promoting unique high-quality content is difficult and time consuming. If you are really serious about SEO and you are not getting expected result then better choice is to hire an SEO expert. 
There are following tasks which should be taken care by SEO experts
  • Review and analyze client sites for areas that need to improved, deleted, or revised.
  • Prepare detailed strategy reports.
  • Identify the least expensive but most powerful and profitable keywords for client sites.
  • Run pay-per-click campaigns.
  • Improve a company's organic search results.
  • Write effective headlines, body copy, and websites.
  • Ensure websites are filled with optimal keywords.
  • Place keywords appropriately in copy to gain most search engine traffic.
  • Write effective call-to-action statements.
  • Write original, powerful SEO content for blogs and websites.
  • Implement off-page SEO content strategies such as coding.
  • Effectively use header tags.
  • Keep abreast of white hat and black hat tactics so as not to violate search engine guidelines.
  • Strategize ways to improve and track site performance.
  • Compile and present SEO performance reports.
  • Adjust PPC campaigns as needed.
  • Consult with independent web designers to improve the navigation of a site to enhance its search engine ranking.
  • Utilize basic programming and web design skills to enhance SEO.
  • Create advanced SEO strategies.
  • Evaluate product offering, traffic, landing page quality, content, design, security, payment options, shipping options, demographics of prospective customers when determining keywords and campaigns.
If you are confident that you have the required skills then you can take care of doing all the above activities otherwise its worth taking help from SEO Companies or to hire any SEO Specialist.

Choosing a SEO Expert or Company:

This is most difficult part to choose a correct SEO Expert or SEO Company. But we are giving you few guidelines which can help you for the same.
  • Start searching through your friends and business partners.
  • Post your queries in SEO Forums to get feedback from the community.
  • Check other sites rank which they already have optimized.
  • Don't go for SEO companies doing automated submission etc.
  • Don't look for cheap SEO because of some pennies you can loss more. But take care, high price also does not guarantee high quality.
  • Take guarantee if possible for a particular rank and any particular search engine.
  • User SEO Expert or Company name in Google to find more information about them.
  • Don't go just because of their fancy site and good article available on their site.
  • Don't go testimonials available on their sites.
contact us at:  navieshatech@gmail.com (For your SEO expert requirement)

Content is the king

Content is king
Content is basically includes what you see on the site: the text, graphics and even links to outside world. I would not reccommend using excessive graphics because they are not Search Engine Friendly plus users feel irritation when they get downloaded specially over a slow network.
Thousands of articles, books and forum entries detail how to make your site search engine friendly, but ultimately, one rule stands above the rest: Content is king
But I will say this rule is past now and I would like to say Unique, high-quality, unduplicated content is the king.
Superior the quality of your content, the higher the ranking you achieve, larger the traffic you gain and greater the popularity of your website. Search engines prefer good quality sites in their index and search results.
A relevant, fresh, and timely content is crucial to attracting and keeping visitors to your web pages. It will help you both draw traffic from search engines and create audience loyalty.

Unique, High-Quality Content:

When people visit a Web site for information, they want your unique spin on a topic. How is your material or content unique? Is that uniqueness obvious and easy to find and to understand? Visitors want unique, high-quality site content. Its not only your home page content but also all the linked pages should have useful and easy to understand content.
Now a days search engines have become very smart and they are able to understand complete grammar and complete phrase.So while raking a page against other then it matters how rich content is available on a page.
Sites with duplicated, syndicated or free content, who get given red flags by the Search Engines.

How to Protect your content

Your content is your most precious asset. It takes efforts and time not only to create it but also to protect it from thieves. Unfortunately, content theft is way too common and there is hardly a site that hasn't been affected.
On the other hand, as my experience shows, when there are thousands of articles to be looked after, this process takes too much time and in practice makes sense to do only for important articles. Anyway, you can't let thieves go with your content – you must know what to do when you encounter theft. Here are the steps how to protect your content.

  1. Place Copyright Notices and Watermarks
  2. Use Google Authorship to Guard Your Content
  3. Set Google Alerts to Watch for Copied Content

Steps to Take to Deal with the Theft
  • Prepare Your Evidence
  • Contact the Thief (and Their Host, If Necessary)
  • File a DMCA Complaint

Source of Information : click here

SEO Content Writing ( Copy Writing ):

SEO Content Writing (also referred as SEO Copy Writing) involves the process of integrating keywords and informative phrases which make up the actual content of your website.
While writing your web page content following tips may help you in keeping it better than others.
  • The content should be directed for the specified target audience.
  • Keyword density is strictly adhered as per search engine guidelines.
  • Titles should always be eye-catchers, compelling your visitors to read on and want what you have to offer in your website.
  • Don't use confusing and complex language. Use small statements to make your content more understandable.
  • Keep your web pages short and don't put all the content on a single page.
  • Divide your web page content also into short paragraphs.

Other advantages of having great content:

Its not only SEO you have to think about, but also many factors will make your site popular.
  • If your site is having something really unique then people would like to suggest it to their friends.
  • Other webmasters would like to create a link of your site on thier sites
  • Your site visitors will start trusting on your site and they will look forward for the next content and will keep coming again and again.
  • Assuming you have been listed out by any Search Engine but net surfer will click only that page whose content snippet would look more unique and interesting.

Friday, February 14, 2014

Anchor Text

Anchor Text
Use descriptive anchor text for all your text links. Most search engines consider anchor text of incoming links when ranking pages. Here is an example of anchor:
<a href="otherpage.htm" title="Anchor Title">Anchor Text</a>

  • Here are following important points to notice about anchors:The Anchor Title plays a very important roles and will be seen by most of the search engines. So your anchor title should have appropriate keywords. Anchor title will help site visitors using a balloon and displaying written text.
  • The Anchor Text is another important part which should be selected very carefully because this text will be used not only of search engines but also for the navigation purpose. You should try to use best keywords in your anchor text.
  • The otherpage.htm is the link to another web page. This link could be to external site. But here care should be taken that this web page should exist otherwise it will be called a broken link and broken links give very bad impression to Search Engines as we as to site visitors.

Another example of an anchor could be as follows:
<a href="otherpage.htm" title="Anchor Title">
<img src="image.gif" alt="keywords" />
</a>
In this case Anchor Text has been replaced by an image. So while using an image in place of anchor text it should be checked that you have put alt tag properly. An image alt tag should have appropriate keywords.

Anchor Text
Anchor Text is the visible, clickable text in a hyperlink. In modern browsers, it is often blue and underlined, such as seo-tutorials-forall
Code Sample
<a href="http://seo-tutorials-forall.blogspot.in/">Example Anchor Text</a>
Optimal Format
SEO-friendly anchor text is succinct and relevant to the target page.
What is Anchor Text?
Anchor text is the visible characters and words that hyperlinks display when linking to another document or location on the web. In the phrase "CNN is a good source of news, but I actually prefer the BBC's take on events," two unique pieces of anchor text exist for two different links: "CNN" is the anchor text pointing to http://www.cnn.com/, while “the BBC's take on events” points to http://news.bbc.co.uk.
Search engines use this text to help determine the subject matter of the linked-to document. In the example above, the links would tell the search engine that when users search for "CNN", Moz.com thinks that http://www.cnn.com/ is a relevant site for the term "CNN" and that http://www.bbc.co.uk is relevant to “the BBC's take on events.” If many sites think that a particular page is relevant for a given set of terms, that page can manage to rank well even if the terms NEVER appear in the text itself.

In the example above, "Jon Wye's Custom Designed Belts" would be the anchor text of this link.
SEO Best Practice
As search engines have matured, they have started identifying more metrics for determining rankings. One metric that stood out among the rest was link relevancy. Link relevancy is determined by both the content of the source page and the content of the anchor text. It is a natural phenomenon that occurs when people link out to other content on the web.
This is most easily understood with an example. Imagine that someone writes a blog about whiteboard markers. Ever inclined to learn more about their passion, they spend part of their day reading what other people online have to say about whiteboard markers. Now imagine that while reading on their favorite topic, the dry erase marker enthusiast finds an article about the psychological effects of marker color choice. Excited, she goes back to her website to blog about the article so her friends can read about it.
When she writes the blog post and links to the article, she gets to choose the anchor text for the link pointing at the article. She could choose something like “click here,” but more likely, she will choose something that it is relevant to the article. In this case, she chooses “psychological effects of marker color choice.” Someone else who links to the same article might use the link anchor text, "marker color choice and its effect on the brain."
This human–powered information is essential to modern-day search engines. The search engines can use it to determine what the target page is about and thus, which queries it should be relevant for. These descriptions are relatively unbiased and produced by real people. This metric, in combination with complicated natural language processing, makes up the lion's share of link relevancy indicators online.
Other important link relevancy indicators are link sources and information hierarchy. For example, the search engines can also use the fact that someone linked to the whiteboard marker article from a blog about whiteboard markers to supplement their algorithm's understanding of the given page's relevancy. Similarly, the engines can use the fact that the original article was located at the URL www.example.com/vision/color/ to determine the high-level positioning and relevancy of the content.
With the Penguin update, Google began to look more closely at keywords in anchor text. If too many of a site's inbound links contain the exact same anchor text, it can start to appear suspicious, and is often a sign that the links weren’t acquired naturally. In general, it’s still a best practice to obtain keyword– and topic–specific anchor text when possible. However, SEOs may get better results by striving for a variety of anchor text rather than the same keyword each time.
Key Points:
  • If many links point to a page with the right keywords in their anchor text, that page has a very good chance of ranking well. Real examples of this include the search engine result pages for the queries, "click here" and "leave." Many of the Google results for these queries rank solely due to the anchor text of inbound links.
  • People have a tendency to link to content using the anchor text of either the domain name or the title of the page. This is an advantage to SEOs who include keywords they want to rank for in these two elements.
  • Too many inbound links to a page with the exact same keyword-rich anchor text may cause Google to scrutinize that site’s link profile more closely; using manipulative methods to acquire keyword–rich anchor text is not recommended.
Importance of the First Anchor Text
Experiments have shown that if two links are targeting the same URL, only the anchor text used in the first link is counted by Google.

More recently, several webmasters have run experiments showing ways to count multiple anchor text phrases contained on the same page and pointing to the same target. This is accomplished by creating anchors on the target page and linking to those anchors using hashtags
<a href="../blog/example-post#jtc142864">Second Anchor Text</a>

Bad anchor text exampleClick here!
The anchor text is also known as the link label or link title. The words contained in the anchor text helps determines the ranking that the page will receive by search engines such as Google or Yahoo and Bing. Links without anchor texts commonly happen on the web and are called naked URLs, or URL anchor texts. Different browsers will display anchor texts differently, and proper use of anchor text can help the page linked to rank for those keywords in search engines.

Exact Match Anchor Text

An exact match anchor text has the same keywords highlighted as the targeted keyword of a web page.
e.g. An exact match anchor text on this page would be the keyword "anchor text" hyperlinked to http://seo-tutorials-forall.blogspot.in/2014/02/anchor-text.html like so: anchor text.

Anchor Text Variation

When websites aggressively build exact match anchor text links, a Google spam filter is triggered. It is unnatural for web pages that link to your website to all have exact match anchor texts. A bit of anchor text variation is natural, just like how a great portion of the internet's links are naked urls.
e.g. John runs a small dental clinic in Boston. His dental clinic

Anchor Text Manipulation

As a result of being a search engine signal for relevancy, it is possible to SEO anchor text, and hence anchor text manipulation techniques and vocabulary evolved. 

Targeted Anchor Text

Linkbuilders, or SEOs specialized in building links to a website, often control the anchor text from the links they build from other websites. These anchor texts are targeted - the keywords in the anchor text will match the targetted keyword the page an SEO is trying to rank on.

Backlink Anchor Text

A backlink is a link from another website. The backlink anchor text is the anchor text used by other website linking to your website. The anchor text of these backlinks help search engines determine the most relevant keywords a web page should rank for.

One-Way Achor Text Backlinks

If website A links to website B with an anchor text backlink and website B does not link back to website A, then you have an one-way anchor text backlink. One-way anchor text backlinks are sought out by SEOs because PageRank juice flows one one domain to another. It is believed that the more one-way anchor text backlinks a web page has from websites with high PageRank, the better they will rank on search engines.

Excessive Anchor Text

Just like keyword stuffing, you can have too much anchor text on a given page. When there are too many keywords on a page linking to too many other pages of a website, or all to the same page but with different anchor texts, you have a case of excessive anchor text. The excessive use of anchor text within your website can lead to Google penalties as it is considered a spammy, user unfriendly practice.

Anchor Text Distribution

Because link builders are actively building links to their website with targeted anchor text, particular keywords will have a higher share of a page's overall anchor text distribution.

Spammy Anchor Text

A spammy anchor text is a link with an anchor text that has no relationship to the page it exists on or the page it is linking to. Spammy anchor texts are a common black hat SEO tactics to either temporarily rank for competitive keywords such as "pay day loans" or "buy viagra" but can also be used as a tool to harm a competitor's website or individual through negative SEO and Google bombing.

Natural Anchor Text Vs Unnatural Anchor Text

When web surfers link to your website, it is inevitable that you will get bad anchor text that do not help identify your web page's topic. However, just like naked URLs, these are natural occurances, and are not frowned upon by search engines. On the flip side, the lack of naked URLs, the excessive use of anchor text, and or a high number of targeted one-way anchor text backlinks are all signs of unnatural anchor text distribution. Search engines like Google may penalize websites that focused on manipulating anchor text when user experience is compromised.
To obtain natural anchor texts to your website, create good content and the links and anchor text.

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